之前有人问到如何从 C 端访问 Tcl 变量,此处做一总结。庶几不失「现代」之名。有关 Tcl_Obj 的维护者资料击此。
于是终于回到了主线。《Tcl 现代方法》本来是作为记录 Tcl 现代用法的系列博文,一开始是介绍 C 库的,但是后来 Tcl 脚本的内容反倒更多,结果现在纯粹谈起来 C 库又会导致歧义,因此在标题前加上 lib 标记,以示内容是 C 库而非 Tcl 脚本。
背景
Tcl 自 8.0 起,引入了 Tcl_Obj 系统,该系统在保留 Tcl 「Everything is a String」原则的同时,大大提高了程序效率,可以总结成这样:Tcl 变量存在一个显类型(Tcl 端类型)和隐类型(C 端类型),程序员脑中又有一个实用类型,显类型一定是字符串,但实际上实用类型并不一定是显类型,而使用隐类型的一种或多种,如 for 循环中的计数器 i,实用整数类型,而显类型则是字符串,隐类型应当是 int。
在过去,显类型和隐类型都是字符串,导致计数器 i 每次循环都会走一遍「字符串->整数->字符串」,效率极差。Tcl_Obj 则将字符串表示和隐类型数据一起保存,每当需要字符串时,就直接返回字符串,需要隐类型数据时,就直接返回隐类型数据;如果两者不匹配,则将其中过期了的一种更新。如每次 for 循环中如果有 puts $i,则会每次都更新一次 i 的字符串表示然后打印;如果在 for 循环外执行 puts $i,则只会造成一次字符串表示更新。更新隐类型数据同理。
说来好玩,因为一开始没用 Tcl_Obj,所以 Tcl 有一套相当强大的字符串处理函数,叫做 Tcl_DString(dynamic string),因为不推荐用于变量,而且比较直观,一看就懂,故而此处不做讨论。
另外注意,我提到的隐类型、显类型、实用类型,都是为了讨论方便自己提出的,实际上 Tcl 界乃至编程界并没有这样的说法(或许会有类似的讲法,如果你知道请务必告诉我)。
看上去好像很复杂,其实规则很简单:dual-ported (internal representation and string representation); cache of each other and computed lazily.
不过絮叨一大串,其实本文不介绍 Tcl_Obj 用法,只是个背景而已。
示例代码
A piece of code is worth a thousand words.
#include <tcl.h> int z = 0; void ObjRW(Tcl_Interp *interp) { Tcl_Obj *xObj; double val; /* Read */ xObj = Tcl_GetVar2Ex(interp, "x", NULL, 0); /* not incr'ing its refcount */ Tcl_GetDoubleFromObj(interp, xObj, &val); /* not incr'ing its refcount */ printf("x = %lf\n", val); /* Write */ Tcl_SetDoubleObj(xObj, 6.28); xObj = Tcl_SetVar2Ex(interp, "x", NULL, xObj, 0); /* not incr'ing its refcount */ /* Read (again) */ Tcl_GetDoubleFromObj(interp, xObj, &val); Tcl_DecrRefCount(xObj); printf("x = %lf (new)\n", val); } /* Inefficient in most cases. Use Tcl_Obj instead. */ void StrRW(Tcl_Interp *interp) { /* the string representation of y will be updated and returned */ printf("y = %s\n", Tcl_GetVar(interp, "y", 0)); Tcl_SetVar(interp, "y", "42", 0); /* now the "real" data will be outdated */ printf("y = %s (new)\n", Tcl_GetVar(interp, "y", 0)); } void LinkedVar(Tcl_Interp *interp) { Tcl_Obj *zObj; int value; /* Original value */ zObj = Tcl_GetVar2Ex(interp, "z", NULL, 0); /* Tcl simply returns our z */ Tcl_GetIntFromObj(interp, zObj, &value); printf("z = %d\n", value); Tcl_DecrRefCount(zObj); /* delete the old obj */ /* C-side */ z = 10; zObj = Tcl_GetVar2Ex(interp, "z", NULL, 0); /* not incr'ing its refcount */ Tcl_GetIntFromObj(interp, zObj, &value); printf("z = %d (C new)\n", value); /* Tcl-side */ Tcl_SetIntObj(zObj, 100); Tcl_SetVar2Ex(interp, "z", NULL, zObj, 0); /* update the var */ Tcl_DecrRefCount(zObj); printf("z = %d (Tcl new)\n", z); /* our own z got updated */ } int main() { Tcl_Interp *interp; Tcl_Obj *var1, *var2; /* var1 double, var2 int */ /* Initialize */ interp = Tcl_CreateInterp(); /* Create Tcl_Obj's */ var1 = Tcl_NewDoubleObj(3.14); var2 = Tcl_NewIntObj(99); /* Create variables */ /* Not incrementing the refcount means we transfer the ownership */ Tcl_SetVar2Ex(interp, "x", NULL, var1, 0); /* NULL means x isn't an array */ Tcl_SetVar2Ex(interp, "y", NULL, var2, 0); Tcl_LinkVar(interp, "z", (void *)&z, TCL_LINK_INT); /* MAGIC! */ /* Read/write them */ ObjRW(interp); StrRW(interp); LinkedVar(interp); /* Finalize */ Tcl_UnsetVar(interp, "x", 0); Tcl_UnsetVar(interp, "y", 0); Tcl_UnsetVar(interp, "z", 0); Tcl_DeleteInterp(interp); return 0; }
参考文献
(写这么一节参考文献,应该能让我的博客看上去更专业吧)
- Tcl Source Code Wiki
- Tcl man pages
- 《Tcl/Tk 入门经典》,中文版第二版
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@rca: 很有意思的,和 Lisp 的可玩性差不多。不过毕竟确实老了些,没有闭包,但是其他东西都很全。
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블록체인개발 코인지갑개발 IT컨설팅 메스브레인팀이 항상 당신을 도울 준비가 되어 있습니다. 우리는 마음으로 가치를 창조한다는 철학을 바탕으로 일하며, 들인 노력과 시간에 부흥하는 가치만을 받습니다. 고객이 만족하지 않으면 기꺼이 환불해 드립니다.
Jun 03, 2024 03:21:17 PM
The tech-original mission is to help you better understand technology, and make better decisions in the fields of IT, Tech, and Crypto.
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Jun 08, 2024 11:02:36 AM
The tech-original mission is to help you better understand technology, and make better decisions in the fields of IT, Tech, and Crypto.
https://www.tech-original.com/